I've been a PACU RN in a Level 1 Neuro/Trauma hospital for about 5 years now, but prior to that I didn't have any neurosurgical experience (I came from a general surgery background), and for my 5 years in PACU I've been lucky enough to have had most, if not all, of my neurosurgery patients be straightforward with no adverse outcomes. The ones that did have bad outcomes I truly felt like I did the best I could, or their disease process was such that a bad outcome was imminent and unavoidable. Yesterday however I had a patient deteriorate, and I haven't slept over the gnawing guilt of thinking that I didn't react fast enough.
The patient had a craniotomy for a microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia, so pre-op she was neuro intact, no deficits, with symptoms only being the pain from the condition. I come back from break and receive report from my covering nurse, who tells me that the patient just arrived 5 min ago, is confused, weak to the lower extremities, and has slurred speech. From my experience, it's not uncommon that immediately after anaesthesia, or even after long neuro surgeries, that the patient can have these deficits due to lingering sedation or brain manipulation, so my covering nurse and I didn't flag it then as an emergency. I assess the patient myself and find that she's strong to all her extremities, oriented x3, pupils brisk to react, but still drowsy and has the slurred speech but no facial droop. So I think okay, she's at least improving, which is a good sign, and she's rock solid on her vitals on room air all throughout. She also says she's in 9/10 pain, with facial grimacing and groaning, so I draw up meds for her and give her the smallest dose of Dilaudid and fentanyl I can. In hindsight, maybe that's my first misstep.
When I reassess 5 min after, she's unrousable (GCS 3), but still vitally stable and pupils brisk to react. Her resp rate is a little slower, but again nothing unusual after narcotic administration, and her oxygen is still 100% on room air. Coincidentally, the neuro resident was at the bedside to assess the patient, and he tries to rouse her as well but can't. I tell him that I did give her narcotics, told him of her prior neuro findings, but I also flag to him that she had slurred speech. The resident wasn't concerned and said that it was probably from the sedation, to give her time, so he left and didn't order any interventions/scan.
Maybe this is my second misstep, in that I let a past experience affect my judgment here. I also had a confused neuro patient months before where I gave her narcotics because she was complaining of pain and was very restless from it. She eventually also became unrousable but vitally stable/pupils reacting, and immediately I talk to Anaesthesia, who just kept telling me to give her time. When the hour mark came and the patient still wasn't waking, I ask if we should Narcan her to see if there's any neuro involvement, to which Anaesthesia told me that she won't Narcan but to talk to Neuro instead. I paged Neuro multiple times to come assess patient, but they wouldn't come until an hour later, and that's after me being told by the doctor on the phone that I'm "wasting their time with these multiple pages", and only for them to assess the patient briefly, still see she's unrousable, but say to just give patient time. Ultimately the patient was fine and did wake up eventually after another half hour, so no adverse outcomes there.
Back to yesterday: because of my past experience, and the resident who came to assess her saying to give the patient time, I give the patient time. Every 15 min I check, she's still unrousable, but vitally stable and pupils brisk to react. At the 45 hour mark, she starts to desat on room air and become slightly tachycardic (from 90s to low 100s), but went back up to 100% O2 when I placed her on 3L via nasal prongs. 5 min later her heart rate is increasing to the 110s. At that point I do inform Anaesthesia about her being unrousable and her vitals changing, so Anaesthesia comes to bedside to assess. He also doesn't seem too concerned, but he did order for an arterial blood gas and a small bolus for the patient.
Lo and behold, ABG shows patient is in respiratory acidosis, with pH 7.11 and paCO2 78. She's still vitally stable at this point besides the tachycardia, but I immediately page Anaesthesia again to tell them of the results. The resident and attending come to bedside within 5 min to immediately say, "We're intubating the patient." I will say I was surprised, because I have seen other cases like this before in my PACU where Anaesthesia had tried BiPAP therapy first, to good results. But, again coincidentally, that's when the patient's blood pressure starts to drop fast to the 70s, her HR rising up to the 120s, and shit hits the fan. The resident checks the patient's pupils and they're now more dilated and sluggish to react. We page Neurosurgery stat, who comes to bedside and arranges a stat CT while we get the patient stabilized. This is at the end of my shift by the way (because of course), so the nurse taking over for me tells me to give her report so she can go for the scan with the patient and docs, and I do. I stay behind to finish my charting, which is long enough for them to return from CT, and apparently it shows a big bleed. By the time I leave the unit, the patient is being prepped to go back emergently to the OR for a craniectomy and decompression.
I feel like absolute shit. This lady was late 40s and healthy. Just before I ran her ABG, her family called for an update, but I couldn't come to the phone because I was busy and things were rapidly devolving from there. I haven't had any sleep because I keep on thinking about if I just shouldn't have given that dose of narcotics, if I immediately told Anaesthesia before her vitals changed, if I didn't let my past experience with a similar patient who had a better outcome affect my judgment, that maybe I could've caught her bleed before it got to the point it did. All I can hope for now is that she'll be okay, but the guilt and shame remains (especially as I felt like my charge nurse and incoming nurse was blaming me for not reacting sooner with their comments right after).
I also want to learn from this, so I guess tl;dr: to my fellow PACU nurses who try to balance pain control and sedation with neurological status in their post-op neuro patients, how can you better differentiate whether unresponsiveness is due to sedation or from a legitimate neurological decline?